Buzz Aldrin Passes Lie Detector Test, Leaving Experts Convinced Alien Life Exists
The former renowned NASA astronaut and the second man to step on the Moon, Buzz Aldrin, has undergone and passed a lie detector for claims he saw extraterrestrial occurrences during his trip.
Together with him, three other NASA astronauts, Al Worden, Edgar Mitchell and Gordon Cooper, also passed the test.
In 2005, Buzz Aldrin did an interview for the Science Chanel. In it, he said that himself and the rest of the astronauts of Apollo 11 mission witnessed...
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The Hubble Space Telescope has captured a new image of Saturn that makes you wonder if it’s even real. The image is so clear that it appears as if Saturn is floating in space. Which it is.
This image of Saturn was taken on June 20th, 2019, when the Planet was at its closest to Earth – some 1.36 billion kilometers (845 million miles) away. Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 captured a clear image (WFC3.)
This is a beautiful image that would look great on a gallery wall. (As long as it was curated by a space nerd.) But it’s not just pretty: it’s also scientific.
The image is from the program Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL.) OPAL’s mission is to collect long-baseline imagery of our Solar System’s gas giant planets in order to better understand their atmospheres over time. This is Saturn’s second annual image as part of the OPAL program.
Here’s Hubble’s Newest Image of SaturnThe latest view of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope captures exquisite details of the ring system — which looks like a phonograph record with grooves that represent detailed structure within the rings — and atmospheric details that once could only be captured by spacecraft visiting the distant world. Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 observed Saturn on June 20, 2019, as the planet made its closest approach to Earth, at about 845 million miles away. This image is the second in a yearly series of snapshots taken as part of the Outer Planets Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) project. OPAL is helping scientists understand the atmospheric dynamics and evolution of our solar system’s gas giant planets. In Saturn’s case, astronomers will be able to track shifting weather patterns and other changes to identify trends. Credits: NASA, ESA, A. Simon (GSFC), M.H. Wong (University of California, Berkeley) and the OPAL Team
Saturn always appears calm. Even stately. But a closer look reveals a lot going on. We usually associate storms and gas giants with Jupiter, which has prominent horizontal storm bands and, of course, the Great Red Spot. But Saturn is also a very active and stormy planet.
Thanks to the OPAL program, we know that a large hexagonal storm in the planet’s north polar region has disappeared. And smaller storms come and go frequently. Smaller storms come and go all the time. The planet’s storm bands, which are mostly ammonia ice at the top, are also changing subtly.
However, some features have persisted.
Cassini discovered the hexagonal storm at Saturn’s north pole, and it is still present. In fact, that feature was discovered by the Voyager 1 spacecraft in 1981.captured from a distance of about 1.2 million km. A portion of Saturn’s rings are barely visible in the top right. Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute.
But, for the most part, this new Hubble image of Saturn is simply stunning. Even if you didn’t know anything about Saturn, its beauty would attract you.
For the first time, astronomers witnessed a massive star explode in a fiery supernova — and the spectacle was even more explosive than the researchers had anticipated.
According to a new study published in the Astrophysical Journal, scientists began watching the doomed star, a red supergiant named SN 2020tlf and located about 120 million light-years from Earth, more than 100 days before its final, violent collapse. During that time, the researchers witnessed the star erupt with bright flashes of light as massive globs of gas exploded from its surface.
These pre-supernova fireworks surprised the researchers because earlier observations of red supergiants on the verge of exploding showed no signs of violent emissions, they said.
When big stars go boom
In terms of volume, red supergiants are the largest stars in the universe, measuring hundreds or even thousands of times the radius of the sun. (Despite their bulk, red supergiants are not the brightest or most massive stars in the universe.)
These massive stars, like our sun, generate energy through nuclear fusion of elements in their cores. Red supergiants, on the other hand, can create much heavier elements than the hydrogen and helium that our sun burns. As supergiants burn more massive elements, their cores heat up and become more pressurized. Ultimately, by the time they start fusing iron and nickel, these stars run out of energy, their cores collapse and they eject their gassy outer atmospheres into space in a violent type II supernova explosion.
Scientists have spotted red supergiants
before they go supernova and analysed the aftermath of these cosmic explosions, but they have never witnessed the entire process in real time until now.
The new study’s authors began studying SN 2020tlf in the summer of 2020, when the star flashed with dazzling flashes of radiation, which they later interpreted as gas erupting off the star’s surface. The researchers tracked the irritable star for 130 days using two telescopes in Hawaii: the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy Pan-STARRS1 telescope and the W. M. Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea. Finally, at the conclusion of that time, the star exploded.The researchers saw evidence of a dense cloud of gas encircling the star at the moment of its explosion — likely the same gas that the star emitted in the preceding months. This shows that massive explosions began long before the star’s core disintegrated in the fall of 2020.
According to the team’s findings, red supergiants suffer considerable changes in their interior structures, culminating in chaotic eruptions of gas in their final months before crashing.James Webb is currently having issues with its MIRI instrument. The problem is caused by increased friction in one of MIRI’s mechanisms when operating in the Medium-Resolution Spectroscopy (MRS) mode. The observatory is otherwise in good condition, but the team has decided to stop MRS observations until they find a solution.
The Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI)
onboard JWST is one of the most important instruments. It enables the telescope to see in the 5 to 27 micrometer wavelength range. There are four modes on the instrument: imaging, medium-resolution spectroscopy, low-resolution spectroscopy, and coronagraphy.
On August 24, while preparing for observations using MIRI’s medium-resolution spectroscopy mode (MRS), the team discovered a grating wheel problem. Its purpose is to distinguish between short, medium, and long wavelengths. Its function is to select between short, medium, and long wavelengths. The telescope detected increased friction in the mechanism during the setup process leading to scientific observation, which caused the problem.
Here’s an inside view of the MIRI instrument in spectroscopy mode:determine the best course of action. As a result, JWST has paused MRS observations using MIRI until an adequate solution is found. MIRI’s three remaining modes are still operational. Other instruments are unaffected as well.
Prior Issues with James Webb
It is not the first time James Webb has encountered problems since its launch in December 2021. A larger-than-expected micrometeoroid previously struck one of JWST’s mirror segments. The team detected enough damage, but the quality of observations continues to exceed original expectations.
Despite the current issues, we should still expect new images. So the recent discoveries of the Tarantula and Orion Nebulae will not be the last. For the time being, the observatory can use a variety of other modes. Furthermore, there are many things that James Webb has observed but has not yet made public. Like the images taken by the TRAPPIST-1 system during its first month of scientific operation.
Hopefully, the team will be able to solve the current problem and get the telescope back up and running.
Source: NASAAccording to new research, ancient Earth was a water world with little to no land. And this could have far-reaching consequences for the origin and evolution of life.
While the modern Earth’s surface is about 70% water, new research indicates that our planet was once a true ocean world 3 billion years ago. At this point, only a few archipelagos have breached the briny surface of our global ocean. That is if any land existed at all.
The scientists’ findings were based on unique rock samples discovered in Western Australia’s Panorama district. Because rocks carry imprints of the environments in which they formed, the researchers determined the rocks formed around 3.24 billion years ago in a hydrothermal vent system on the sea floor. Over the eons, the rocks were exposed and turned on their sides, allowing scientists to investigate Earth’s watery past from the comfort of dry land. This led them to believe that ancient Earth was a waterlogged planet with little landmass.
Water everywhere
Despite the abundance of today’s oceans, many questions about their origins remain. Was water always present on Earth, or did it arrive later? If later, how much later? And were the water’s origins comets, asteroids, or something else?
Scientists are still debating these and other questions. This is because evidence — such as ancient minerals called zircons that appear to have formed in a watery environment — clearly indicates that Earth had water around 4.4 billion years ago, just after our planet formed. That’s a long time in ocean history.
However, it is unclear how much water existed on early Earth. And the researchers were able to answer that question by studying their piece of the ancient seafloor.
The oxygen network
When rocks form in water, that water imprints its story in stone. Water, also known as H2O, is always composed of hydrogen and oxygen. However, the isotope, or type of oxygen, in the water reveals information about the environment in which the water formed. For example, how warm it was, or how the water cycled over time between land, sea, and air.
There are two types of oxygen isotopes. Oxygen-16 (O16) is a lighter version with eight protons and eight neutrons. And oxygen-18 (O18), a heavier cousin with eight protons and ten neutrons. Because those two extra neutrons give O18 extra weight, water molecules containing O16 evaporate faster than heavier O18 versions. Furthermore, rocks and dry land are more likely to absorb and capture O18, removing it from the sea’s stores.
When the authors of the new study examined their piece of ancient seafloor, they discovered a lot of O18 — more than is found in our modern oceans on average. And, because dry land is a massive reservoir of heavy oxygen, the presence of O18 in Earth’s early days suggests that such a reservoir did not exist. The researchers determined that the excess of heavy oxygen in their sample was most likely caused by the fact that dry land had not yet emerged from the ancient ocean.
Implications for life
Scientists often debate the origins of Earth’s first single-celled organisms. Did life first appear near hydrothermal vents in the ocean, where there was both heat and mineral-rich water? Or did life begin on land, possibly near Darwin’s proposed warm little pond? There are numerous theories, and scientists do not know for certain.
However, if further research confirms that the early Earth was entirely covered in water, this information could help researchers refine their theories about how life came into existence.
In other words, if the Earth was completely covered in water when life first began, life could not have formed on land at all. If this is the case, it suggests that exoplanets completely covered in water could be ideal places to look for extraterrestrial life. But let’s not get too far ahead of ourselves.
Despite the fact that this Australian seafloor sample represents only a single point in time, it covers a large and well-preserved area. As a result, the researchers hope to conduct similar research on rock samples spanning Earth’s history to track the emergence of the continents. These samples, which stretch a few billion years of Earth’s history, are waiting in Africa, Canada, New Mexico, and Arizona. Together, they’ll tell the story of when Earth stopped being an aquatic world and started offering up the dry land we inhabit today.
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