Earliest evidence of hominin bipedalism in Sahelanthropus tchadensis | Science Advances
Abstract
Bipedalism is a key adaptation that differentiates hominins (humans and our extinct relatives) from living and fossil apes. The earliest putative hominin,
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
(~7 million years old), was originally represented by a cranium, the reconstruction of which suggested to its discoverers that
Sahelanthropus
carried its head in a manner similar to known bipedal hominins. Recently, two partial ulnae and a femur shaft were announced as evidence in support of the contention that
Sahelanthropus
was an early biped, but those interpretations have been challenged. Here, while we find that both limb bones are most similar in size and geometric morphometric shape to chimpanzees (genus
Pan
), we demonstrate that their relative proportion is more hominin-like. Furthermore, we confirm two features linked to hominin-like hip and knee function and identify a femoral tubercle, a feature only found in bipedal hominins. Our results suggest that
Sahelanthropus
was an early biped that evolved from a
Pan
-like Miocene ape ancestor.