The destruction of the USS Serpens (AK-97) is the largest single disaster in the history of the U.S. Coast Guard: 52 caskets and 28 graves

The destruction of the USS Serpens (AK-97) is the largest single disaster in the history of the United States Coast Guard.

Written by William H. Thiesen, Ph.D.
Coast Guard Atlantic Area Historian

I felt and saw two flashes after which only the bow of the ship was visible. The rest had disintegrated and the bow sank soon afterwards.” – Coast Guard Lt. Cmdr. Perry Stinson, USS Serpens commanding officer

The quote above refers to the Coast Guard-manned USS Serpens. Nearly 73 years ago on Jan. 29, 1945, a catastrophic explosion destroyed the transport. In terms of lives lost, the destruction of the Serpens ranks as the single largest disaster ever recorded in Coast Guard history.

USS Serpens at anchor somewhere in the Pacific islands with derricks extended to take on cargo. U.S. Navy photo.

In March 1943, an EC-2 class “Liberty Ship” was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract as “Hull #739” by the California Shipbuilding Corporation of Wilmington, California. It was launched less than a month later as the SS Benjamin N. Cardozo. Two weeks later it was transferred to the U.S. Navy and designated AK-97. The transport was 442 feet in length, displaced 14,250 tons and had a top speed of 11 knots. For defense it carried one 5-inch gun, one 3-inch gun, two 40mm and six 20mm anti-aircraft cannons. Its crew consisted of 19 officers and 188 enlisted men. In late May, the Navy renamed the transport Serpens, after a constellation in the Northern Hemisphere, and commissioned the vessel in San Diego under the command of Coast Guard Lt. Cmdr. Magnus Johnson.

Following a shakedown cruise off Southern California, Serpens loaded general cargo at Alameda, California, and, on June 24, set sail to support combat operations in the Southwest Pacific. It steamed between the supply hub of New Zealand and various Pacific islands, such as Tonga, Vitu Levu, Tutuila, Penrhyn, Bora Bora, Aitutaki, and Tongatabu. In early December, Serpens moved its operations into the southern Solomons, re-supplying bases and units on Florida Island, Banika Island, Guadalcanal and Bougainville. In February 1944, its crew was ordered back to New Zealand for dry-dock and, for another four months, they delivered materials to bases in the New Hebrides and Solomons.

An aerial view of Lunga Point, Guadalcanal, during World War II showing the airfield captured by the U.S. Marines early in the campaign. U.S. Navy photo.

In late July 1944, Lt. Cmdr. Perry Stinson assumed command from Johnson. From that time into the fall of 1944, Serpens resumed operations carrying general cargo and rolling stock between ports and anchorages within the Solomon Islands. In mid-November, it loaded repairable military vehicles from the Russell Islands and Guadalcanal and sailed for New Zealand. After offloading in New Zealand, three of its holds were converted for ammunition stowage. Late in December 1944, Serpens commenced loading at Wellington, completed loading at Auckland, New Zealand, and returned to the Solomons in mid-January 1945.

Monday, January 29, found Serpens anchored off Lunga Point, Guadalcanal. Lunga Point had served as the primary loading area for Guadalcanal since the U.S. military’s first offensive of World War II began there in August 1942. Serpens’s commanding officer, a junior officer and six enlisted men went ashore while the rest of the crew loaded depth charges into the holds or performed their usual shipboard duties. Late in the day, in the blink of an eye, the explosive cargo stowed in Serpens’s holds detonated. An enlisted man aboard a nearby Navy personnel boat gave the following eyewitness account:

“As we headed our personnel boat shoreward, the sound and concussion of the explosion suddenly reached us and, as we turned, we witnessed the awe-inspiring death drams unfold before us. As the report of screeching shells filled the air and the flash of tracers continued, the water splashed throughout the harbor as the shells hit. We headed our boat in the direction of the smoke and, as we came into closer view of what had once been a ship, the water was filled only with floating debris, dead fish, torn life jackets, lumber and other unidentifiable objects. The smell of death, and fire, and gasoline, and oil was evident and nauseating. This was sudden death, and horror, unwanted and unasked for, but complete.”

A chart of Iron Bottom Sound, located north of Guadalcanal, showing the numerous ships lying on the seafloor, including the remains of USS Serpens at Lunga Point. (Navsource.org)

After the explosion, only the bow of the ship remained. The rest of Serpens had disintegrated, and the bow sank soon after the cataclysm. Killed in the explosion were 197 Coast Guard officers and enlisted men, 51 U.S. Army stevedores, and surgeon Harry Levin, a U.S. Public Health Service physician. Only two men on board Serpens survived–Seaman 1/c Kelsie Kemp and Seaman 1/c George Kennedy, who had been located in the boatswain’s locker. Both men were injured, but were later rescued from the wreckage and survived. In addition, a soldier who was ashore at Lunga Point was killed by flying shrapnel. Only two Coast Guardsmen’s bodies were recovered intact and later identified out of the nearly 250 men killed in the explosion.

USS Serpens crew’s caskets arrive at Arlington National Cemetery from Guadalcanal in 1949. U.S. Coast Guard photo.

At first, the loss of Serpens was attributed to enemy action and three Purple Heart Medals were issued to the two survivors and posthumously to Levin. However, a court of inquiry later determined that the cause of the explosion could not be established from surviving evidence. By 1949, the U.S. Navy officially closed the case deciding that the loss was not due to enemy action but an “accident intrinsic to the loading process.”

Today, all that remains of the Serpens is the bow section sitting upside down on the sea floor off Lunga Point. The dead were initially buried at the Army, Navy and Marine Corps Cemetery at Guadalcanal. The crew’s mortal remains were later exhumed, shipped to the States and, on June 15, 1949, interred at Arlington National Cemetery.

Retired Coast Guard officer Richard Stoud plays taps at the Serpens Memorial in November 2013. U.S. Coast Guard photo.

Named after the Serpens constellation, the USS Serpens was a cargo ship commissioned in May 1943. On the night of January 29, 1945, the 14,250-ton freighter was anchored off Lunga Beach, Guadalcanal in the British Solomon Islands, carrying ammunition and other cargo bound for U.S. bases in the Pacific. While the crew was loading depth charges into the holds, a massive explosion suddenly occurred. The explosion destroyed the entire ship, save for its bow, which sank to the bottom of the ocean. Two hundred and fifty men lost their lives: 193 Coast Guard sailors, 56 U.S. Army soldiers and Dr. Harry M. Levin, a U.S. Public Health Service surgeon. Only two bodies could be identified.

Ten members of the Serpens’ crew survived. The ship’s commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander Perry Stinson, another officer and six crewmen had been ashore on administrative business. Two crewmen who were on board survived the explosion: Seaman 1st Class Kelsie Kemp and Seaman 1st Class George Kennedy, who were both awarded the Purple Heart. 

Initially, the Coast Guard believed that a Japanese attack had caused the blast. A court of inquiry, however, found no evidence of enemy action. In 1949, the U.S. Navy closed the case, determining that the disaster had been caused by “an accident intrinsic to the loading process.” Speculation about what caused the Serpens’ destruction continues to this day. 

Remains of the 250 casualties were originally buried at the Army, Navy and Marine Cemetery in Guadalcanal, with a full military honors service. On June 15, 1949, the remains were reinterred in Section 34 at Arlington National Cemetery, in 52 caskets and 28 graves. Some 1,500 people attended the reinterment service, at which Catholic, Protestant and Jewish chaplains officiated. The U.S. Marine Corps Band played Taps, and a Gold Star Mother escorted by an American Legionnaire placed a white carnation on each casket.

The USS Serpens Monument was dedicated on November 16, 1950. Attended by approximately 100 relatives of the victims and several hundred others, the dedication ceremony included the U.S. Army Band (“Pershing’s Own”) and color guards from the Coast Guard and The Old Guard. Vice Admiral Merlin O’Neill, Commandant of the Coast Guard, gave a brief address, stating, “We cannot undo the past, but we can ensure that these men shall be respected and honored forever.”

Those lost in the USS Serpens disaster are:* 

ABIES, Edwin A, EM2 (cg)
AIKEN , John C, III, Lt (cg)
ANDERSON, Roy G., PHM2 (cg)
ANTKOWIAK, Edwin F, Coxwain (cg)
ARO, Harry E, WT1 (cg)
ASHBY, Clifford D, AS (cg)
AUBLE, George C, Lt (jg) (cg)
BABCOCK, Woodward S, GM3 (cg)
BAKER, Edward A, Mach (cg)
BARER, Jacob, S1 (cg)
BARNHOUSE, Charles R, S1 (cg)
BIELINSKI, Joseph, S1 (cg)
BOOS, Edwin L, S1 (cg)
BOYD, Billy L, SK1 (cg)
BRANDLEN, Lester L, F2 (cg)
BREEN, Gerald C, F2 (cg)
BRIESCHKE, Alfred W, TEC5 (cg)
BROOKS, Chester, ST2 (cg)
BROSHEAR, James M, QM3 (cg)
BURKE, Leo H, S2 (cg)
BURNS, Keith D, S2 (cg)
BUTLER, Junior W, F1 (cg)
CALLAHAN, Raymond F, S1 (cg)
CAMARLINGHI, Gilbert J, S1 (cg)
CAMBRIA, Anthony, S2 (cg)
CAREY, Louis S, S1 (cg)
CARMICHAEL, James G, Te5 (cg)
CARR, Charles E, S2 (cg)
CASSARIS, Peter A, S1 (cg)
CATGENOVA, Pete, S2 (cg)
CERVANTEZ, Philip R, CM3 (cg)
CHADWICK, James E, MM2 (cg)
CHAMBERS, Leslie E, S2 (cg)
CIANCIO, Frank J, S1 (cg)
COPE, Joseph, S1 (cg)
COTE, James V, S1 (cg)
COWHEY, William, S1 (cg)
CRAFT, Charles E, S1 (cg)
CREECH, Lawrence F, S2 (cg)
CROOK, Lovell R, S1 (cg)
CROWE, Ranard M, S1 (cg)
CUMMINGS, Arden O, MM1 (cg)
CURTIS, Albert B, F1 (cg)
DALY, John C, S1 (cg)
DANCISAK, John A, S1 (cg)
DAVIS, Max E, Ens (cg)
DAY, Clarence W, S2 (cg)
DAY, Howard E, Jr, S1 (cg)
DE GAETANO, Samuel, S1 (cg)
DEDMON, John C, Jr, RDM3 (cg)
DEERMER, Henry K, S2 (cg)
DEGREVE, Robert M, S2 (cg)
DEROUEN, Marvin, S1 (cg)
DICKERSON, George L, STM1 (cg)
DIEHL, Lee H, S1 (cg)
DISTEL, Harold C, F1 (cg)
DIX, Homer A, Jr, S2 (cg)
DOHERTY, William C, S1 (cg)
DONATO, Edward J, CM3 (cg)
DONOVAN, Donald R, S1 (cg)
DRAGO, James, S2 (cg)
DUNN, William C, S1 (cg)
DURSO, Edmund J, Coxwain (cg)
EASTERDAY, Robert A, F1 (cg)
ECKART, Gustave F, Coxwain (cg)
ELSASSER, Sylvan B, Jr, S1 (cg)
FAUST, Joseph D, Coxwain (cg)
FIDURSKI, John, S1 (cg)
FLETCHER, Ira V, S1 (cg)
FLOWERS, Murray C, HA1 (cg)
FORKNER, Fieldon B, EM3 (cg)
FOX, Warren L, CM2 (cg)
FREGIA, Roger W, S2 (cg)
FRENCH, Jay F, S1 (cg)
FRITZ, Ralph C, S1 (cg)
FULDA, Lewis L, S1 (cg)
FURREY, Charles D, TEC5 (cg)
GALLO, Jime, Coxwain (cg)
GAMSU, Ely, S1 (cg)
GARZON, John L, F1 (cg)
GIBSON, Mack E, S1 (cg)
GLAZE, Robert L, CBM (cg)
GOLDSTEIN, Sheldon G, HA2 (cg)
GONZALES, Emelio C, S2 (cg)
GORAL, John K, CPC (cg)
GRAEBER, Charles E, PHM3 (cg)
GRANGER, Warren J, SC3 (cg)
GRANT, Daniel L, Jr, Y3 (cg)
GRAY, Jean P D, S1 (cg)
GREGORY, Freeman, S1 (cg)
GRETZ, Frank J, S1 (cg)
GRISAMORE, Lorren Edward, Seaman 1c, USCGR (na) 
GRISBAUM, Stanley R, S1 (cg)
GUTHRIDGE, Royce F, RT3 (cg)
HAGEMEIER, Elmer P, Jr, WT2 (cg)
HAGENDORN, Arthur C, Jr, PHM3 (cg)
HAMILTON, Raymond C, RDM3 (cg)
HAMPTON, John W, BM2 (cg)
HARLOW, William H, F1 (cg)
HARMON, Kenneth H, F2 (cg)
HART, Donald J, S2 (cg)
HARTLEIB, James, F1 (cg)
HARTZLER, William C, MM3 (cg)
HASKELL, Melvin, S1 (cg)
HEADRICK, Perry P, S2 (cg)
HELSEM, Leslie, MM2 (cg)
HENIGAN, Felix L, F2 (cg)
HENSHAW, George A, SC2 (cg)
HERRINGTON, Robert A, F1 (cg)
HICKMAN, Marcus R, STM3 (cg)
HIGGINS, Thomas L, S1 (cg)
HINSON, Henry C, GM3 (cg)
HODGE, Robert B, S1 (cg)
HOPKINS, Robert B, Tec5 (cg)
HOUCHEN, Bernard J, S1 (cg)
HOYT, Robert L, S1 (cg)
HUBACHER, Raymond E, QM3 (cg)
HULL, Otis D, S1 (cg)
HUTCHINSON, Colon J, S1 (cg)
JACOBS, Vernard C, MoMM2 (cg)
JAISSLE, Paul R, S2 (cg)
JOHNSON, Norman A, S2 (cg)
JOHNSON, Robert J, Lt (jg) (cg)
KADILAK, Frank, SK1 (cg)
KELLAR, Mion R, Jr, S2 (cg)
KETTUNEN, Arnold E, F1 (cg)
KILEY, Ralph D, S1 (cg)
KOLAR, Melvin M, MoMM3 (cg)
KOTKAS, William C, Lt (jg) (cg)
KRUEGER, Norbert E, S1 (cg)
KURDILLA, Vincent J, S1 (cg)
KUSEK, Stanley J, S1 (cg)
KYLE, Charlie G, STM1 (cg)
LAIRD, James E, S1 (cg)
LAMBERT, Waer P, S1 (cg)
LANHAM, Woodrow, S1 (cg)
LEGO, Nolan R, Jr, F2 (cg)
LEVERENTZ, Russell C, MM3 (cg)
LEWIS, David F, SC3 (cg)
LIMBACHER, Walter J, Jr., SK3 (cg)
MACFARLAND, Charles T, MoMM3 (cg)
MACKEY, Joseph J, Coxwain (cg)
MADDOX, Samuel M, S2 (cg)
MANKE, Albert J, Coxwain (cg)
MAZZANTI, Raymond G, Coxwain (cg)
MCCARTER, John H, MM3 (cg)
MCCAW, John L, WT3 (cg)
MCCULLOUGH, William J, Jr, MM3 (cg)
MCDANIEL, Malcolm W, RDM3 (cg)
MCGUCKIN, Harold M, Jr, SK3 (cg)
MCLARTY, Lloyd A, RM2 (cg)
MENARD, Alvis J, MM3 (cg)
MILLER, Madge V, STM1 (cg)
MIRON, James J, S1 (cg)
MOORE, Leo E, Tec5 (cg)
NIVIN, William F, S1 (cg)
O’DONNELL, William R, Coxwain (cg)
OAKLAND, Douglas H, S1 (cg)
ORTON, George E, CMM (cg)
PAYNE, Charles C, F1 (cg)
PAZUREK, William O, SM3 (cg)
PETERSON, Lincoln F, WT3 (cg)
PRANCE, Warren C, Lt (jg) (cg)
QUALMANN, Frederick E A, STM3 (cg)
QUESTAD, Roy A, Ens (cg)
REUTER, Orville F, S1 (cg)
RICCARDI, Hugo, MoMM1 (cg)
ROYER, Fred O, RM3 (cg)
RUDY, Paul, CMM (cg)
RUGGIERO, Eugene, CMM (cg)
SAMPAY, Roy A, MM3 (cg)
SANDOVAL, Alfonso C, S1 (cg)
SARKISOFF, Lewis J, Coxwain (cg)
SCHMOOK, John P, F1 (cg)
SCHRADER, Charles E, S1 (cg)
SELAYA, James D, S1 (cg)
SELEMAN, William H, Jr, Coxwain (cg)
SHOGREN, Jacob H, Ens (cg)
SMITH, Robert J, WT3 (cg)
SNEDDON, Robert C, S1 (cg)
SORENSON, Robert H, MM3 (cg)
STEINMAN, Cyril D, Jr, RM1 (cg)
STILLMAN, Washington E, CPHM (cg)
STRICKLAND, Mryon K, RM3 (cg)
STUCKEY, Floyd, Coxwain (cg)
THOMAS, Robert E, Y1 (cg)
THORNBURGH, James R, MM1 (cg)
TURNER, Hubert, MoMM1 (cg)
TWAIT, Vernon H, BM2 (cg)
VAUGHAN, William W, GM2 (cg)
VEDDER, Edgar L, CEM (cg)
VILLEMONT, Samuel L, WT3 (cg)
VINCENT, Harold L, WT2 (cg)
WALKO, John F, Coxwain (cg)
WARD, Eugene J, ST1 (cg)
WARDLE, Delos R, Coxwain (cg)
WEST, Kinchion D, SM2 (cg)
WETTS, Woodrow H, S1 (cg)
WHITE, Alton, S2 (cg)
WOOD, Charles B, SC1 (cg)
ZAFFORE, Tom, SSML3 (cg)